Practise IB Biology HL C3.2 with immune-response diagrams and data questions covering barriers, lymphocytes, vaccination, HIV, antibiotics, resistance and clotting.
155 questions in this syllabus scope, with question parts counted together.
117 papers analysed · Tagging incomplete
Outline how infection by Vibrio cholerae can lead to dehydration.
The inhibitory effect of three different statins ( S1, S2 and S3 ) on the activity of HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme involved in cholesterol metabolism in the liver, was investigated.
Describe the role of enzymes in one named process that prevents infections in the human body.
What happens during blood clotting?
A chain reaction causes platelets to release antibodies to avoid infections.
Thrombin is converted into fibrinogen after a series of chemical reactions.
Sealing of wounds by fibrinogen makes platelets release antibodies for clotting.
Chemical reactions cause wounds to seal after platelets release clotting factors.
What is a feature of phagocytic white blood cells?
Stimulate blood clotting
Found only in the circulatory system
Form part of non-specific immunity
Produce antibodies
What action(s) can phagocytes perform?
I. Make antibodies
II. Leave the blood stream and enter infected tissues
III. Kill pathogens that they have engulfed
I only
III only
II and III only
I, II, and III
Emergent properties exist when many different components, such as cells, tissues, organs and body systems, integrate in a multicellular living organism.
Explain how the cells in the blood work together to provide adaptive immunity.
What describes antigens?
They catalyze immune reactions.
They activate specific white blood cells.
They destroy bacteria but not viruses.
They are only produced by white blood cells.
Which of the following will cause the production of antibodies during an infection?
Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin
B-cell activation by helper T-cells and antigens
Plasma cell activation by platelets
Activation of phagocytes by infected body cells
What is the response of the immune system to first-time exposure to a pathogen?
Antibodies already present in the blood attack and destroy the pathogen.
Antigens on the surface of the pathogen stimulate B lymphocytes to produce plasma cells that in turn produce antibodies.
The immune system will only respond to an infection if memory cells are present.
Antigens on the surface of the pathogen stimulate the production of monoclonal antibodies.
Some vaccinations, such as the smallpox vaccine, provide lifelong immunity against the disease. For others, such as tetanus, this immunity lasts for a shorter period of time. Why is a tetanus booster vaccination recommended every 10 years?
Antibodies that formed after the first vaccination persist in the blood for up to 10 years.
Memory cells are not produced after the first vaccination.
Only non-specific immunity is stimulated after the first vaccination.
Memory cells gradually decline over 10 years.
How has the transmission of HIV been reduced?
Delaying the progression of HIV to AIDS
Single use of disposable needles
Treatment with antibiotics
Vaccination
According to the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, in the year 2000 there were 9.82 million deaths of children under the age of 5 . Many of these deaths were caused by infectious diseases. The pie chart shows estimates for the percentages of deaths that were attributable to two of the most frequent pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.
The deaths due to these two pathogens only included children who were not infected with HIV. Suggest a reason for excluding HIV-infected children from the statistics.
What is a reason for the ineffectiveness of antibiotics against viruses?
Viruses have genes for antibiotic resistance.
Viruses do not have cell membranes.
Antibiotics are only effective against archaea.
Antibiotics target metabolic processes.
How does overuse of antibiotics make them less effective?
It makes patients develop antibiotic resistance.
It can cause a mutation in bacteria.
It causes antibiotics to change due to natural selection.
It increases the number of bacteria better adapted for survival.
The table shows the number of amino acids that are different in the sequences of the protein FOXP2 from a human compared with four other primate species.
Some infectious diseases in humans are caused by viruses that originated in other primates.
State the term used for an infectious disease that can transfer from other species to humans.
What is contained in vaccines?
Antigens or RNA coding for antigens
Specific or non-specific immunoglobulins
Plasma cells or memory cells
Antibodies
According to the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, in the year 2000 there were 9.82 million deaths of children under the age of 5 . Many of these deaths were caused by infectious diseases. The pie chart shows estimates for the percentages of deaths that were attributable to two of the most frequent pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.
Outline likely health benefits of universal PCV vaccination of children, other than reducing the incidence of ARI.
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